member countries. Reciprocally, foreign companies who want to distri-
bute their products in China have to register their marks or logos with the Chinese
[...] owners may wish to consider registering
their copyright ownership at China’s National Copyright Administration (NCA) in order to
establish evidence of their ownership.42
In 1998, China established [...] organizations will not copy their innovations. Therefore, the lack
of trust generated by the deficiencies of law does not motivate innovators and scientists
to share their knowledge.
IT often
we continuously imaged over 13
minutes to monitor the gradual B0 field drift. The volunteers gave their written consent to
the study.
Results
Results from this study
demonstrate that the proposed
process
may differ substantially from their ex-post revised values. Real-time
uncertainty about key variables, like actual and potential output (and their
rates of growth), opens up a role for [...] and Beck and Wieland (2007, 2008) all restrict their
attention to optimal discretionary policy. Our interest in simple rules is
motivated by their potential advantages over discretionary policy. [...] that the interpretation of the
available data often depends on the assessment of their development relative
to their trend or long-run equilibrium levels that are unobservable and can
only be estimated
developed a new indicator (NRW) which combines the
amount of the unemployment benefits with their duration,
their tax treatment and the conditions that must be met
in order to receive the benefits (eligibility [...] institutions by their first and second lagged obser-
vations. Table 4 presents the results for RW1 and RW2 each
with a quadratic trend and robust standard errors.8
Comparing the results with their respective [...] Ours (2004) Does the Recent Success of Some OECD Countries in Lowering their Unemployment
Rates Lie in the Clever Design of their Labour Market Reforms?, Oxford Economic Papers, 56, 621–642.
page
market
crises and financial market bubbles. Thereafter we examine the capital import restrictions and their effec-
tiveness. It turns out that the empirical evidence is ambiguous. Especially it has to be d [...] CANALES-KRILJENKO, J. I. /
KIRILENKO, A. (2000): Capital controls: Country experiences with their use and liberalization,
International Monetary Fund (IMF) Occasional Paper, No. 190, Washington D
websites are prohibited.
In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the
article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or
institutional repository. Authors requiring further [...] with εi,t and any earlier or
future shocks. If the companies decide simultaneously on their labor
demand and their innovation behavior, then the innovation variables
are endogenous in the sense that Ii [...] . This is true for innovation input as well as for innovation
output variables. Innovations show their positive effect on employment with a time lag and process
innovations have higher effects than product
Miller and Volker (1984) and Arabsheibani (1989) base their analysis on compar-
isons between the salaries of workers in occupations relevant to their educational qualification
to those with the same [...] However, over time and depending on how fast employers learn about the
true productivity of their employees, their importance (and hence the signalling value of education)
diminishes. The faster they learn [...] firms are quick in adjusting their expectations.
A slightly different approach is tested by Albrecht and van Ours (2006) who compare formal with
informal hiring methods. Their hypothesis is that firms
Miller and Volker (1984) and Arabsheibani (1989) base their analysis on compar-
isons between the salaries of workers in occupations relevant to their educational qualification
to those with the same [...] However, over time and depending on how fast employers learn about the
true productivity of their employees, their importance (and hence the signalling value of education)
diminishes. The faster they learn [...] firms are quick in adjusting their expectations.
A slightly different approach is tested by Albrecht and van Ours (2006) who compare formal with
informal hiring methods. Their hypothesis is that firms
Bundesbank and the Österreichische Nationalbank for their valuable
insights. We would like to extend our special thanks to M Altmann, S Arz and M Vogel for their valuable
contributions. The opinions expressed [...] similar results, it is nevertheless advisable to additionally use
indirect estimates to examine their robustness. This approach has been taken in a separate
paper.
page
Nicht-technische [...] inpayments of these denominations at central banks in
countries where Germans typically spend their holidays that suggest that these balances are
closely connected with foreign travel. But, at just
similar results, it is nevertheless advisable to additionally use
indirect estimates to examine their robustness. This approach has been taken in a separate
paper.
page
Nicht-technische [...] d securities transactions Gaby Trinkaus
07 2010 Banks’ exposure to interest rate risk, their
earnings from term transformation, and
the dynamics of the term structure Christoph [...] Pfingsten
14 2010 How correlated are changes in banks’ net
interest income and in their present value? Christoph Memmel
01 2011 Contingent capital to strengthen the private
mortgage-backed securities transactions Gaby Trinkaus
07 2010 Banks’ exposure to interest rate risk, their
earnings from term transformation, and
the dynamics of the term structure Christoph Memmel [...] Andreas Pfingsten
14 2010 How correlated are changes in banks’ net
interest income and in their present value? Christoph Memmel
01 2011 Contingent capital to strengthen the private
safety
Bundesbank and the Österreichische Nationalbank for their valuable assistance. In
particular, we would like to thank M Altmann, S Arz and M Vogel for their valuable contributions. The opinions
expressed [...] suitable as a
“safe haven” and c) a banknote denomination structure which makes their storage and transport as well as their
use in the shadow economy significantly easier. With equation (4), it is now [...] within that country as they do not flow back to the central bank as
frequently. Consequently, their measured average life is longer. The prerequisite for the
application of this type of indirect
Ours (2004) Does the Recent Success of Some OECD Countries in
Lowering their Unemployment Rates Lie in the Clever Design of their Labour Market
Reforms?, Oxford Economic Papers, 56, 621 - 642.
[...] t insurance system is generous, trade unions may
down weight the disutility of unemployment for their members and prefer higher real wages
for the employed. Employment will be affected negatively. A [...] unemployment benefits must incorporate these
aspects, because the OECD countries differ widely in their taxation and eligibility conditions of unemployment
benefits.
page
7
employers),
participants of seminars
at the Deutsche Bundesbank and the Oesterreichische Nationalbank for their valuable comments. In
particular, we would like to thank S Arz for his contributions. The opinions [...] central banks in the euro area are connected to TARGET2. There are no constraints on the size of
their balances vis-à-vis the European Central Bank that emerge from the cross-border flow of interbank [...] is again an appropriate reference country as, during the time
when both Germany and France had their national currencies, there were no major differences
between the two with regard to domestic banknote
participants of seminars
at the Deutsche Bundesbank and the Oesterreichische Nationalbank for their valuable comments. In
particular, we would like to thank S Arz for his contributions. The opinions [...] central banks in the euro area are connected to TARGET2. There are no constraints on the size of
their balances vis-à-vis the European Central Bank that emerge from the cross-border flow of interbank [...] is again an appropriate reference country as, during the time
when both Germany and France had their national currencies, there were no major differences
between the two with regard to domestic banknote
participants of seminars
at the Deutsche Bundesbank and the Oesterreichische Nationalbank for their valuable comments. In
particular, we would like to thank S Arz for his contributions. The opinions [...] central banks in the euro area are connected to TARGET2. There are no constraints on the size of
their balances vis-à-vis the European Central Bank that emerge from the cross-border flow of interbank [...] is again an appropriate reference country as, during the time
when both Germany and France had their national currencies, there were no major differences
between the two with regard to domestic banknote
easy to recognize the origin of the various euro area coins
owing to their unique national backsides. As people clearly notice in their everyday cash
transactions, the national euro coins have become mixed [...] since
been prohibited by the US Treasury and does not seem to be an issue for euro coins owing to their
different metallic composition.
Diskussionsbeitrag / Discussion Paper
Jahrbücher f. Nation
Ours (2004) Does the Recent Success of Some OECD Countries in
Lowering their Unemployment Rates Lie in the Clever Design of their Labour Market
Reforms?, Oxford Economic Papers, 56, 621 - 642.
Bertola [...] insurance system is generous, trade unions may
down weight the disutility of unemployment for their members and prefer higher real wages
for the employed. Employment will be affected negatively [...] unemployment
benefits must incorporate these aspects, because the OECD countries differ widely in their
taxation and eligibility conditions of unemployment benefits.
Tax burden on labour income
Ours (2004) Does the Recent Success of Some OECD Countries in
Lowering their Unemployment Rates Lie in the Clever Design of their Labour Market
Reforms?, Oxford Economic Papers, 56, 621 - 642.
Bertola [...] insurance system is generous, trade unions may
down weight the disutility of unemployment for their members and prefer higher real wages
for the employed. Employment will be affected negatively [...] unemployment
benefits must incorporate these aspects, because the OECD countries differ widely in their
taxation and eligibility conditions of unemployment benefits.
Tax burden on labour income
problems like the
sovereign debt crisis mainly due to their inability to enforce EU member countries to reduce
their budget deficits and to their failure to force EMU members to comply with the rules [...] the IMF elaborated the
economic adjustment programs for these economies and closely monitored their progress
through quarterly reviews based on economic missions.
The active role of the IMF [...] participate
in the rescue programs? Was it a sign of weakness of the European institutions to solve their
problems alone and/or did the Europeans want to use the outstanding expertise of the IMF in
problems like the
sovereign debt crisis mainly due to their inability to enforce EU member countries to reduce
their budget deficits and to their failure to force EMU members to comply with the rules [...] the IMF elaborated the
economic adjustment programs for these economies and closely monitored their progress
through quarterly reviews based on economic missions.
The active role of the IMF [...] participate
in the rescue programs? Was it a sign of weakness of the European institutions to solve their
problems alone and/or did the Europeans want to use the outstanding expertise of the IMF in
problems like the
sovereign debt crisis mainly due to their inability to enforce EU member countries to reduce
their budget deficits and to their failure to force EMU members to comply with the rules [...] the IMF elaborated the
economic adjustment programs for these economies and closely monitored their progress
through quarterly reviews based on economic missions.
The active role of the IMF [...] participate
in the rescue programs? Was it a sign of weakness of the European institutions to solve their
problems alone and/or did the Europeans want to use the outstanding expertise of the IMF in
clinical disciplines use the system, on their level of experience and on the number of staff to
be trained. During these trainings, the users are, depending on their scope of responsibility,
being familiarized [...] hybrid OR in
operation is of major help in the planning process. Learning from their experience and
understanding their mistakes can help shorten the process for all involved staff
considerably.
[...] suite. A deep
understanding of the clinical applications, the current and future technology, and their
implications on workflows is needed for a sound room design.
2. Clinical applications in car
German tourists
take a similar amount of coins with them when travel-
ling both from and to their home country.3 However,
as Bartzsch et al. (2011b) find, ‘German’ banknotes
also circulate in [...] participants of
seminars at the Deutsche Bundesbank and the
Oesterreichische Nationalbank for their comments.
The opinions expressed in this article represent
those of the authors and do not necessarily
of tropical and boreal forests is to be valued not only because of their capacity to
sequester carbon, but even more so because of their capacity to regulate the hydrological cycle.
• Water, energy [...] proceed. The resilience
of the climate system is greatly related to human populations, their numbers and their consumer lifestyles.
While it is desirable that wealth will be shared more equally among [...] efforts must be
made to sustain its auto-regulative capacity.
• The resilience of societies and their economies should be strengthened through robust decisions
in response to global changes.
• The