card fraud is highest in
the largest European card markets, England and France. The fraud rates in these
countries are much higher than in countries such as Germany or Italy in which
cards are used [...] argument that, in the future, it may well be pos-
sible to preserve privacy in the virtual world but not in the real world.
17 This figure should be interpreted as a lower bound. In the same period [...] behaviour in Germany – an empirical study of the selection and utilisation of
payment instruments in the Federal Republic of Germany, Frankfurt am Main.
– Payment behaviour in Germany in 2014 – third
of possible
turbines in flowing water is provided.
2.1 The Wirtz Pump
A Wirtz pump, displayed in historic drawings in Figure 1, was invented by H. A. Wirtz in
1746. It is a spiral [...] three manometers in series (b) and the
arrangement of the manometers in a spiral. In the single manometer (a), the pressure
difference 𝑝1 − 𝑝0 is proportional to the difference in height ∆ℎ of the [...] speed or
excessive pressure in the system (Mortimer 1988). Although there are no clear statements
on this in the literature, spillage must result in a loss of head in the stationary delivery pipe
considered the world's first CBDC (Grym, 2020).
4 The other two were DCash in the Eastern Caribbean in February 2021 and eNaira in Nigeria in September 2021.
page
The digital euro from a consumer [...] likely to be found in the B2B segment:
"In addition, the digital euro should also be able to fulfil future payments needs, and in particular
machine to machine payment in the context of Industry [...] application" is already defined in European regulation through its use in the Interchange
Fee Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2015/751) with a legal definition in Article 2 (21) in the context of a card
category